The script is by Geoffrey Ward, and the series is narrated by Peter Coyote. Reports of the Tet Offensive stunned the U.S. public, however, especially after news broke that Westmoreland had requested an additional 200,000 troops, despite repeated assurances that victory in the Vietnam War was imminent. On January 31, 1968, some 70,000 DRV forces under General Vo Nguyen Giap launched the Tet Offensive (named for the lunar new year), a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, continued the work that Kennedy had started. As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust the government’s reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washington’s repeated claims that the war was being won. The Vietnam War was perhaps the best-known and most controversial conflict during the Cold War. Congress soon passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave Johnson broad war-making powers, and U.S. planes began regular bombing raids, codenamed Operation Rolling Thunder, the following year. Beide kampen komen aan het woord: zowel de Amerikanen als de Vietcongstrijders. In the United States, the effects of the Vietnam War would linger long after the last troops returned home in 1973. The Vietnam War began in good faith, by good people with good intentions. The Vietnam War is a ten-part, 18-hour documentary film series directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. More than two decades of violent conflict had inflicted a devastating toll on Vietnam’s population: After years of warfare, an estimated 2 million Vietnamese were killed, while 3 million were wounded and another 12 million became refugees. As the first U.S. troops were withdrawn, those who remained became increasingly angry and frustrated, exacerbating problems with morale and leadership. Australia's participation in the war was formally declared at an end when the Governor-General issued a … 8.1K likes. Dit programma is niet langer beschikbaar Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. The Vietnam War is also known as the Second Indochina War. It was fought in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia between North and South Vietnam. READ MORE: Why Were Vietnam War Vets Treated Poorly When They Returned Home. With his approval ratings dropping in an election year, Johnson called a halt to bombing in much of North Vietnam (though bombings continued in the south) and promised to dedicate the rest of his term to seeking peace rather than reelection. Opponents of the war argued that civilians, not enemy combatants, were the primary victims and that the United States was supporting a corrupt dictatorship in Saigon. But you fast forward to 1954, this ends up in a bit of a stalemate. Not edited… Though the NLF claimed to be autonomous and that most of its members were not communists, many in Washington assumed it was a puppet of Hanoi. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. And so you have the Geneva Conference of 1954 that partitions Vietnam along the 17th parallel between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Tensions escalated into armed conflict between the two sides, and in 1961 U.S. President John F. Kennedy chose to expand the military aid program. The increasingly unpopular war had created deep rifts in American society. Johnson’s new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. Not until 1995 did Vietnam release its official estimate of war dead: as many as 2 million civilians on both sides and some 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its agriculture, business, and industry were disrupted, large parts of its countryside were scarred by bombs and defoliation and laced with land mines, and its cities and towns were heavily damaged. The Vietnam War is klassiek van opzet, een sobere geschiedenisles zonder al te veel stunt- en vliegwerk, waarin getuigenissen worden afgewisseld met de tonnen archiefmateriaal die voorhanden waren.Met dank aan de Amerikaanse media, die in Vietnam alomtegenwoordig waren om al dan niet ware gebeurtenissen aan het volk over te maken. This event is also webcasting via Livestream: http://bit.ly/vietnam-war-filmIn … Among all the wars the United States had fought, Vietnam War is ranked 4th in casualties just below the Civil War and the two World Wars. And Saigon was kind of where most of the French control was centered. In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. On it were inscribed the names of 57,939 American men and women killed or missing in the war; later additions brought that total to 58,200. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history. The treaty also called for nationwide elections for reunification to be held in 1956. In short, the Vietnam War started as a result of the U.S.’s strategy of containment during the Cold War, which aimed to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world. The United States committed some 550,000 troops to the Vietnam front at the height of the conflict, suffered more than 58,000 casualties, and engaged in battle after battle with communist forces in the region until its withdrawal in 1973. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Vietnam War The Vietnam War pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong against South Vietnam and the United States. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Furthermore, domestic unrest and the financial cost of war made peace—and troop withdrawals—a necessity, not a choice. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War, Vietnam War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Vietnam War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), A parallel increase in support to the North from both China and the Soviet Union, An insurgency of communist Vietnamese (known as the Viet Cong) against the South Vietnam Army beginning in the late 1950s that grew into an ongoing guerilla campaign, Attacks on two U.S. destroyers by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 5, 1964, which greatly escalated U.S. military involvement in the region and led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the U.S. president new authority to wage war, Increasing financial and military aid from the U.S. to South Vietnam in an attempt to limit the spread of communism in the area, The defeat of France in the French Indochina War in 1954, which produced a communist government in the victorious North Vietnam (above the 17th parallel) and a democratic government in the French-influenced South Vietnam, Economic downturn and political isolation for Vietnam, which was only supported by the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe, In contrast to the fears of the U.S. government before the war, the creation of a unified, communist Vietnam did not start a "domino effect" of spreading communism throughout the countries of the region, The collapse of the South Vietnamese government in the spring of 1975, resulting in a unified communist government in the country, The deaths of as many as 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers, 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, and 58,000 U.S. servicemen, The emigration of some 2 million refugees from Vietnam from the late 1970s to the early '90s. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Though these Vietnam War photos have not yet pierced the public consciousness in the same way that civilian photojournalists' images have, the historical record is truly not complete without them. Omissions? Working under the “domino theory,” which held that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many other countries would follow, Kennedy increased U.S. aid, though he stopped short of committing to a large-scale military intervention. With training and equipment from American military and the CIA, Diem’s security forces cracked down on Viet Minh sympathizers in the south, whom he derisively called Viet Cong (or Vietnamese Communist), arresting some 100,000 people, many of whom were brutally tortured and executed. A team sent by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to report on conditions in South Vietnam advised a build-up of American military, economic and technical aid in order to help Diem confront the Viet Cong threat. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in what had been its longest and most controversial war. The Vietnam War was a military conflict between North Vietnam and U.S.-aided South Vietnam from 1955–1975. A mass exodus in 1975 of people loyal to the South Vietnamese cause was followed by another wave in 1978 of “boat people,” refugees fleeing the economic restructuring imposed by the communist regime. There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. The war ended when U.S. forces withdrew in 1973 and Vietnam … The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick - YouTube. Those who argue that the United States’ opponents won the war cite the United States’ overall objectives and outcomes. By June, 82,000 combat troops were stationed in Vietnam, and military leaders were calling for 175,000 more by the end of 1965 to shore up the struggling South Vietnamese army. In 1968 and 1969, there were hundreds of protest marches and gatherings throughout the country. He received his B.A. Ken Burns and Lynn Novick's ten-part, 18-hour documentary series, THE VIETNAM WAR, tells the epic story of one of the most consequential, divisive, and controversial events in American history as it has never before been told on film. When we talk about the Vietnam War (which the Vietnamese refer to as the American War), we talk about the military intervention by the U.S. that happened between 1965 and 1973. The United States and many other countries intervened, propping up both sides—but especially South Vietnam—with troops, weapons and ...read more, Women in the Vietnam War served as soldiers, health workers, and in news-gathering capacities. The U.S. Constitution grants Congress sole authority to issue declarations of war. War between North and South Vietnam continued, however, until April 30, 1975, when DRV forces captured Saigon, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City (Ho himself died in 1969). The Vietnam War was the second-longest war in United States history, after the war in Afghanistan. They also assert that the U.S. overall suffered fewer casualties than its opponents. The Vietnam War was one of several conflicts that began with the struggle over Indochina to overthrow the French colonial forces. However, from a constitutional perspective, this conflict did not technically count as a war. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nixon sought to deflate the anti-war movement by appealing to a “silent majority” of Americans who he believed supported the war effort. The South Vietnamese then led their own invasion of Laos, which was pushed back by North Vietnam. Seeing an opportunity to seize control, Ho’s Viet Minh forces immediately rose up, taking over the northern city of Hanoi and declaring a Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with Ho as president. The war had pierced the myth of American invincibility and had bitterly divided the nation. In contrast to the air attacks on North Vietnam, the U.S.-South Vietnamese war effort in the south was fought primarily on the ground, largely under the command of General William Westmoreland, in coordination with the government of General Nguyen Van Thieu in Saigon. De documentaire The Vietnam War is een prestigieuze en alomvattende reeks van Ken Burns en Lynn Novick over de oorlog in Vietnam. It granted him broad latitude in handling the struggle against communism in Southeast Asia. Civilian loss of life was also very heavy, with the lowest estimates around 415,000.Similarly, casualty totals among the VC and NVA and the number of dea… In addition to this Vietnamization policy, Nixon continued public peace talks in Paris, adding higher-level secret talks conducted by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger beginning in the spring of 1968. The terms of this expansion included yet more funding and arms, but a key alteration was the commitment of U.S. soldiers to the region. Known as the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam War officially began when the U.S. got involved in 1954. Psychologically, the effects ran even deeper. Momenteel hebben we 20 uitzendingen in ons archief, waarvan de eerste in november 2020 is uitgezonden. The arrival of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) in South Vietnam during July and August 1962 was the beginning of Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War. Kissinger and North Vietnamese representatives drafted a peace agreement by early fall, but leaders in Saigon rejected it, and in December Nixon authorized a number of bombing raids against targets in Hanoi and Haiphong. ‎THE VIETNAM WAR, an immersive ten-part, eighteen hour documentary film series directed by acclaimed filmmakers Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, tells the epic story of one of the most divisive, consequential and misunderstood events in American history, as it has never before been told on film. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam on a smaller scale, South Korea suffered more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen. To fight off both Japanese occupiers and the French colonial administration, political leader Ho Chi Minh—inspired by Chinese and Soviet communism—formed the Viet Minh, or the League for the Independence of Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a long, drawn-out, and pretty terrible war for everyone involved, particularly the Vietnamese civilians who were on the receiving end of much of the violence. The U.S. suffered over 47,000 killed in action plus another 11,000 noncombat deaths; over 150,000 were wounded and 10,000 missing.Casualties for the Republic of South Vietnam will never be adequately resolved. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Seeking to regain control of the region, France backed Emperor Bao and set up the state of Vietnam in July 1949, with the city of Saigon as its capital. By 1957, the Viet Cong and other opponents of Diem’s repressive regime began fighting back with attacks on government officials and other targets, and by 1959 they had begun engaging the South Vietnamese army in firefights. The ensuing political instability in South Vietnam persuaded Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to further increase U.S. military and economic support. The Vietnamese had... France Steps Out, U.S. Steps In. U.S. military advisers, present in small numbers throughout the 1950s, were introduced on a large scale beginning in 1961, and active combat units were introduced in 1965. The war in Vietnam was the result of years and decades of tensions within the country. Vietnam, a nation in Southeast Asia on the eastern edge of the Indochinese peninsula, had been under French colonial rule since the 19th century. More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians. Lieutenant William L. Calley, Jr., was the only soldier ever sentenced in connection with the My Lai Massacre. But before the Vietnam War, this was not Ho Chi Minh City, this was Saigon. A Short Guide to the Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh Comes Home. The anti-war movement, which was particularly strong on college campuses, divided Americans bitterly. Why Were Vietnam War Vets Treated Poorly When They Returned Home. Many returning veterans faced negative reactions from both opponents of the war (who viewed them as having killed innocent civilians) and its supporters (who saw them as having lost the war), along with physical damage including the effects of exposure to the toxic herbicide Agent Orange, millions of gallons of which had been dumped by U.S. planes on the dense forests of Vietnam. By nearly every metric, the Vietnam War was, in the common sense of the word, a war. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vietnamese refugees waiting to be taken aboard the USS. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and China poured weapons, supplies, and advisers into the North, which in turn provided support, political direction, and regular combat troops for the campaign in the South. 372 talking about this. In an attempt to limit the volume of American casualties, he announced a program called Vietnamization: withdrawing U.S. troops, increasing aerial and artillery bombardment and giving the South Vietnamese the training and weapons needed to effectively control the ground war. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1954, after suffering a decisive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided to pull... First U.S. Between July 1966 and December 1973, more than 503,000 U.S. military personnel deserted, and a robust anti-war movement among American forces spawned violent protests, killings and mass incarcerations of personnel stationed in Vietnam as well as within the United States. During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Vietnam. The nation spent more than $120 billion on the conflict in Vietnam from 1965-73; this massive spending led to widespread inflation, exacerbated by a worldwide oil crisis in 1973 and skyrocketing fuel prices. Trade and diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the U.S. resumed in the 1990s. Anti-war marches and other protests, such as the ones organized by ...read more, Vietnamization was a strategy that aimed to reduce American involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring all military responsibilities to South Vietnam. For other Americans, opposing the government was considered unpatriotic and treasonous. Life was a mixed bag for the U.S. soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War is een programma op de Belgische TV van Canvas dat door de bezoekers van TVGemist.be een gemiddelde van 3,6 sterren heeft gekregen. Following its 1945 defeat in World War II, Japan withdrew its forces from Vietnam, leaving the French-educated Emperor Bao Dai in control. Updates? The U.S. bombings made Laos the most heavily bombed country per capita in the world. The North was supported by China and the Soviet Union while the South was supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, and South Korea. With the Cold War intensifying worldwide, the United States hardened its policies against any allies of the Soviet Union, and by 1955 President Dwight D. Eisenhower had pledged his firm support to Diem and South Vietnam. By 1966, large areas of South Vietnam had been designated as “free-fire zones,” from which all innocent civilians were supposed to have evacuated and only enemy remained. Those who argue that the United States won the war point to the fact that the U.S. defeated communist forces during most of Vietnam’s major battles. The total tonnage of bombs the United States dropped on North Vietnam surpassed that of the bombing of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. In August of 1964, after DRV torpedo boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson ordered the retaliatory bombing of military targets in North Vietnam. In addition to the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand also committed troops to fight in South Vietnam (albeit on a much smaller scale). At the heart of the conflict was the desire of North Vietnam, which had defeated the French colonial administration of Vietnam in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist regime modeled after those of the Soviet Union and China. On November 15, 1969, the largest anti-war demonstration in American history took place in Washington, D.C., as over 250,000 Americans gathered peacefully, calling for withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. The bloody conflict had its roots in French colonial rule and an independence movement driven by communist leader Ho ...read more, The Korean war began on June 25, 1950, when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. Yet the Vietnamese didn’t do all the fighting. By the end of 1967, Hanoi’s communist leadership was growing impatient as well, and sought to strike a decisive blow aimed at forcing the better-supplied United States to give up hopes of success. President Nixon believed his Vietnamization ...read more, Of the nearly 1 million Americans who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces during the Vietnam War era (1964-75), many were or went on to become famous in diverse fields such as politics, entertainment, sports and journalism. Warfare had demolished the country’s infrastructure and economy, and reconstruction proceeded slowly. Our page highlights the Sailors who served in the Vietnam War. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam, South Korea had more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen. Additionally, supported by aid from China and the Soviet Union, North Vietnam strengthened its air defenses. The French loss at the battle ended almost a century of French colonial rule in Indochina. Despite the later inclusion of the South Vietnamese and the NLF, the dialogue soon reached an impasse, and after a bitter 1968 election season marred by violence, Republican Richard M. Nixon won the presidency. This ten-part, 18-hour documentary film series explores the conflict in an immersive… This series is one of the few PBS series to carry a TV-MA rating. According to a survey by the Veterans Administration, some 500,000 of the 3 million troops who served in Vietnam suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, and rates of divorce, suicide, alcoholism and drug addiction were markedly higher among veterans. But while Ho and his supporters wanted a nation modeled after other communist countries, Bao and many others wanted a Vietnam with close economic and cultural ties to the West. In 1955, however, the strongly anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN), often referred to during that era as South Vietnam. In that respect, it failed: the two Vietnams were united under a communist banner in July 1976. The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. The United States had provided funding, armaments, and training to South Vietnam’s government and military since Vietnam’s partition into the communist North and the democratic South in 1954. At another protest 10 days later, two students at Jackson State University in Mississippi were killed by police. The Vietnam War Voormalige militairen, nabestaanden van slachtoffers, journalisten en burgers, zowel uit Amerika als uit Zuid- én Noord-Vietnam vertellen het verhaal van de Vietnamoorlog. Even when it already ended, the war continued to cost many American lives. Although the history of Vietnam has been dominated by war for 30 years of the 20th century, the conflict escalated during the sixties. The invasion of these countries, in violation of international law, sparked a new wave of protests on college campuses across America. It was fought between the United States and its ally South Vietnam, and communist North Vietnam … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Storyline. In 1975 South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North. The next few years would bring even more carnage, including the horrifying revelation that U.S. soldiers had mercilessly slaughtered more than 400 unarmed civilians in the village of My Lai in March 1968. The Vietnam War started in the 1950s, according to most historians, though the conflict in Southeast Asia had its roots in the French colonial period of the 1800s. Both sides wanted the same thing: a unified Vietnam. United States and South Vietnamese forces relied heavily on their superior air power, including B-52 bombers and other aircraft that dropped ...read more, The Vietnam War was ostensibly a civil war between the communist North and pro-Western South. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. For example, in the late 19th century France controlled the country as part of its colonial empire. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. The bombing was not limited to Vietnam; from 1964-1973, the United States covertly dropped two million tons of bombs on neighboring, neutral Laos during the CIA-led “Secret War” in Laos. Drew international condemnation bombings, the Vietnam War remained unaccounted for and government South! 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