The latest VEI 7 event, at Tambora, Indonesia, in CE 1815, was at the low end of VEI 7 eruptions. Presumably, clocks would also be incorrect, because the GPS time signal would also be delayed by a small amount. Early students of the relationship between volcanism and climate hypothesized that fine-grained volcanic ash (dust) was a major contributor to cooling after eruptions (Lamb, 1970, placed in historical context by Kelly et al., 1998). This eruption was of the same type as most VEI 7 eruptions, albeit 10 times smaller. Photo courtesy of MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology). Tropospheric winds can blow ash for a few thousand kilometers; stratospheric winds can blow fine-grained ash around the world several times. Scientists have known for several years that atmospheric moisture and volcanic ash introduce phase delays in the GPS signals, so that one’s apparent location (using precise, dual-frequency receivers) is changed by as much as 30 cm or more (Houlié et al., 2005; Grapenthin et al., 2013). (2010), Brown et al. 7.2 ka) and Crater Lake (Oregon, USA; ca. The mechanism by which the El Niño conditions were sustained through the LIA might be the same as that which triggered an El Niño right after the 1257 eruption. (2009b), include overheating of equipment in case of air-conditioning breakdown, damage to dishes and towers due to weight of ash, failure of local exchanges due to corrosion of connectors, and more. Even the recent small 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile, which emitted <1 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere, caused Antarctic ozone depletion (Solomon et al., 2016). Stothers (2000) reported that by 1260–1261 winters again turned severe. A number of conceptual and numerical models have been suggested to explain how large volumes of magma accumulate and erupt. In Asia, the Mongol empire was also starting to decline following the death of Genghis Khan, and its dissolution was so rapid in ca. To be sure, not everything can be blamed on the cooler climate, but people simply cannot go hungry for very long without becoming restless, ill, or both. Another way is to organize a list by city and then ask about nearby volcanoes and the various volcanic hazards they face. The volcanic explosivity index for the eruption was 7 (there have only been three other VEI=7 eruptions in the last 10,000 years: Tambora 1815, Baitoushan ca. Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights from high-precision radiocarbon wiggle-match dating, A wiggle-match age for the Millennium eruption of Tianchi Volcano at Changbaishan, northeastern China, warming and summer monsoon reduction after volcanic eruptions in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations, Bi-decadal variability excited in the coupled ocean–atmosphere system by strong tropical volcanic eruptions. The damage for the utilities is significant, but is dwarfed by the costs of widespread, prolonged interruptions of power to our entire society. (a) The first criterion is volcanoes that have already produced at least one VEI 7 or larger eruption and have since been relatively quiet for thousands of years or longer. The nightmare of volcanologists is the challenge of forecasting a potentially VEI 7 eruption in an urban area and convincing officials to move millions out of harm’s way, especially in the periods months and weeks before a possible eruption, while uncertainties are still high (Newhall and Punongbayan, 1996b). (2010) and others, processes of VEI 8 eruptions may differ significantly from those leading to the more common VEI 7 events, and their consequences are also in debate (cf. Fortunately, sulfur in the stratosphere falls onto the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets and is preserved there, so ice cores can give us an excellent record of the stratospheric aerosol loading, the amount of the material that actually caused the climate response. In this paper we list all known Holocene VEI 7 eruptions (Table 1) and discuss effects from that of Rinjani (Samalas) Volcano in Indonesia in CE 1257. Such flash floods scour fresh, unconsolidated volcanic deposits, bulking themselves into lahars. (2003) found that the effect in forests lasted 3–4 yr after the Pinatubo eruption. Diese kühlten die Erde so weit ab, dass eine jahrhundertelange Kaltzeit („Kleine Eiszeit“) unseren Planeten überzog. Eventually, major adjustments may be needed in economies. Photo courtesy of C.G. Distal effects on air travel, the global positioning system, and climate will be felt by a high-technology, globally interdependent world. Most, although not all, of these very large eruptions have occurred above subduction zones. (c) Mature, large stratovolcanoes or stratovolcano clusters, many with silicic domes and/or past production of welded and unwelded tuffs, but which have been relatively quiet in recent millennia compose the third criterion. In this paper we note VEI 8 eruptions only in passing, e.g., those of Taupo (New Zealand) 26.5 ka (Self, 1983; Wilson, 2001), Toba (Indonesia) ca. 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