The Use and Abuse of History Par:Director of Studies in Social Science Marc Ferro,Marc Ferro Publié le 2004-06-01 par Routledge. These are most obviously manifested in beliefs about racial superiority and technical progress, in terms of which non-Europeans may be regularly assigned to an inferior stage of cultural development: ‘Studying the Bushmen’, as we read in one South African text, ‘helps us to discover how our ancestors lived when they were still in the Stone Age’ (p. 14). As we endlessly debate our own school history curriculum, that is indeed classic advice to keep in mind. Thus, in his classic Kanal, the film director Wajda showed the Polish resisters hidden in the Warsaw sewers. It also introduces an attack against the basic precepts of classic humanism. It has been described as classic within two decades of … 331–2); but with each minority group in turn asserting its own position of privilege, ‘There are almost as many versions of the American past and present as there are schools and textbooks’ (p. 327). But, in the first half of the 19th century, pathologists studying filicide(the parental killing of children) reported cases of death from paternal rage, recurrent physical maltreatment, starvation, and sexual abuse. I will show in them why instruction that does not "quicken," knowledge that slackens the rein of activity, why in fact history, in Goethe's phrase, must be seriously "hated," as a costly and superfluous luxury of the understanding: for we are still in want of the necessari… To take the negative first, there are problems with the very title, inasmuch as it presupposes a position from which ‘use’ and ‘abuse’ can be clearly and unambiguously defined – something that actually runs counter to the book’s whole argument. With citations from actual texts, he clearly demonstrates the ideological inputs that have been made into histories as diverse as those (for example) in South Africa, India, Poland, China, Japan and the USA. Margaret MacMillan's polemical The Uses and Abuses of History is full of robust common sense ― NZ Listener Published On: 2009-08-29 This small compact book is one of the best summaries of the ways that history can be put into illicit ideological service or manipulated for purposes of propaganda. "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life", 1874 ("Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben") offers—instead of the prevailing view of "knowledge as an end in itself"—an alternative way of reading history, one where living life becomes the primary concern, along with a description of how this might improve the health of a society. They need, therefore, to be watched carefully by politicians mindful of the Orwellian Party slogan, that ‘Who controls the past, controls the future’. But there are also implications for unthinkingly accepted periodisations, that may be improperly and inappropriately imposed on other cultures, whose own historical trajectories require their own narrative structures. Another, and related, theme has to do with what Ferro refers to as the ‘therapeutic’ and ‘militant’ functions of history. For what Ferro’s various examples show, and as he himself concludes, is that there can be no one history that satisfies all tastes or needs – that can, even at a local level, possibly fulfil the aspirations of all the diverse members of our multicultural societies. Similarly, few now would be surprised to learn that the histories of British imperial rule in India, as taught respectively to English and Indian children, should show some variations, with the roles of heroes and villains often reversed, and ‘mutinies’ transmuted to ‘struggles for liberation’. Memories are variously transmitted – not least through traditional public festivals: Spaniards annually celebrate their liberation from the Moors, Protestant English their salvation from the Papists. So it now seems unremarkable that the history taught to Algerians should be not only ‘quite different from’ the North African history taught in France, but ‘its exact opposite, a counterpoint’ (p. 106), or that there should be variant readings of Chinese history in Peking and Taiwan. But more recently, ‘melting-pots’ have been replaced by ‘salad-bowls’ – a new model more hospitable to the notion of separate identities – wherein minorities have been enabled, and encouraged, to remain distinct. The Use and Abuse of History ebook. Her first chapter is entitled, “The History Craze.” Following a brief preface, the reader is plunged into a series of what are effectively fifteen case studies, varying in length from seven to forty-seven pages, and designed to illustrate the author’s main (rather unexceptional, as it now might seem) contention, that school histories are frequently modified in the light of perceived political requirements. Yet despite that disillusion, the old dream continues. Until the 1970s, American histories lay stress on the growth of such unifying and self-defining factors as equality, happiness, and liberty – characteristics that supposedly differentiated the story of their own new nation from the more problematic and ambivalent narratives associated with old Europe; and within an idealised ‘melting-pot’, there was no place for anomalous minorities. The provocation of thoughts about the past, it is clear, can unearth memories that we might choose to be without; and this is a matter briefly introduced in relation to a postwar Germany where modern history was simply excised from the school curriculum, thus enabling a generation to deny all knowledge of who Adolf Hitler even was. [1][2][3] It has been described as classic within two decades of its publication.[4]. Admittedly, a geographically based bibliography provides some evidence for works consulted; but that is not enough for the frustrated source seeker. Abused substances include such agents as anabolic steroids, which are used … Since Ferro made that observation in 1981, so much work has been done on the restoration of the memory of Nazism that few can remain unaware of Hitler’s existence and the crimes perpetrated in his name; nor can many remain in doubt about the ideological input of historians if they have followed discussions, such as those of Mary Fulbrook, concerning the diverse interpretations of German history imposed on the same ‘past’ by ‘eastern’ (‘totalitarian’) and ‘western’ (‘democratic’) power blocs. And his study of a multiplicity of local histories, shown to have derived variously from different sources and with different purposes, forces him to conclude that any ideal of a mirror-like representation of a unitary past has been shattered, and that ‘Universal history is dead’ (p. 356). And from this perspective, Ferro’s own position seems ambivalent. Please see the Wiki statement to learn about this wiki. Use and Abuse of History has become a key text of current historiography; this is a book that poses fundamental and disturbing questions about the use and abuse of history. And that, Ferro concludes, is the essential mark of a democracy. This article about a non-fiction history book is a stub. Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of a thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. They await the advancing Red Army to support them in their uprising against the Germans; but the audience is able to read the sudden silence, as the Russian artillery stops firing, as the abandonment that actually transpired. Similarly, in the context of criticisms of Russian and Japanese texts, Ferro hopes that Russian historians may yet find their way back to ‘a de-ideologised and autonomous practice’ (p. 204); and he indicates that the Japanese, despite their previous aim to encourage patriotism rather than ‘to reveal what actually happened’ (p. 289), have more recently been ‘gradually pushing on towards the objectivisation of historical knowledge’ (p. 304) – implying again, surely, the validity of that long-since discredited goal of an ‘objective knowledge’ of ‘what actually happened’. While forced to concede that historians in democracies are inevitably subject to their own ideological pressures, we might claim that it is of the very essence of a democratic society that alternative histories are at least in principle possible. "Review of The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the past Is Taught", "Review of The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past Is Taught, ; In the Workshop of History, , ; L'histoire sous Surveillance, Marc Ferro; The Pursuit of History", "The Use and Abuse of History, or, How the Past is Taught | Reviews in History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Use_and_Abuse_of_History,_Or,_How_the_Past_is_Taught&oldid=995818351, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 01:31. Drug abuse, the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for nonmedical purposes despite social, psychological, and physical problems that may arise from such use. These modifications have been preserved, so what we have here, in fact, is a slightly (and not very recently) updated English edition. After discussing what makes history, by its very nature, vulnerable to distortion, the participants attempted to clarify why and by whom history could be abused, looking at a wide variety of misuses of history (abuse by denial of historical facts, by falsification, by fixation on a particular event, by omission, out of laziness or ignorance, by exploitation for extraneous purposes, to name but a few). Extortion of sexual services and police sexual abuse have been linked to a decrease in condom use and an elevated risk of STI and HIV infections among vulnerable groups. In his chapter entitled ‘Aspects and Variations of Soviet History’, the author reminds us of Khruschev’s overt warning in 1956, that ‘Historians are dangerous, and capable of turning everything topsyturvey’ (p. 163). 1986: The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 was enacted into law by Congress. First, and perhaps most obviously, is a thread of ‘postcolonial’ critique. But it no doubt remains salutary to be reminded how alternative versions of history often serve to destroy ‘the comfortable images of the West’ (p. 109); and, although some of his examples may now seem somewhat obvious and even simplistic, Ferro’s book may still be seen historically as something of a trendsetter. It changed the system of federal supervised release … Nietzsche, Use & Abuse of History 3 the knowledge that existence is only an uninterrupted living in the past [Gewesensein], something which exists for the purpose of self-denial, self-destruction, and self-contradiction. Journal DOI: 10.14296/RiH/issn.1749.8155 | Cookies | Privacy | Contact Us. "Moreover I hate everything that merely instructs me without increasing or directly quickening my activity." Russian officials, though, as Ferro notes, could hardly censor a silence – however full, as this one was, of historical meaning; so the film preserved some otherwise ‘buried’ history (an interpretation of past events that was not acceptable to the government). These words of Goethe, like a sincere ceterum censeomay well stand at the head of my thoughts on the worth and the worthlessness of history. But it may still be disconcerting, some twenty-five years on, to read in a document from the time of Nasser’s Egypt (1950s), that ‘The evacuation of your troops is the only basis for good relations between our two countries’ (p. 99). In this respect, it seems to me that it would have been helpful, in this new edition, to have been given some indication of how the book fits into our current intellectual climate, and of how the various particulars with which the author deals illustrate a whole (comparatively) new arena of debate. In this sense, a seed planted by Marc Ferro has grown and flowered impressively; and more flesh has been added to his skeleton in, for example, Gilmer Blackburn’s study of Education in the Third Reich (1985). That, rather than the publisher’s appeal to ‘popular consent’, would have given justification for the book’s ‘classic’ status, as well as providing students with some theoretical introduction – some clearer sense of direction and of what the whole is actually about. In other words, our own quest for meaning may effectively constitute aggression towards others. An informed and well-written account of the place of the past in present politics, this consideration of the use and abuses of history throws light on the role of history in national identity and also in history wars, such as dissension over the French Revolution and the controversy between Japanese and Chinese accounts of the past. That absence makes it more difficult to check the validity of authorial selection and interpretation – as, for example, in the case of Trinidadian slavery, where it is asserted (on what authority is unclear) that ‘children, in a year or two, will no longer attach specific importance to it’ [slavery], despite the preceding text concluding with the words: ‘But our story is not finished, for there are still cases of this old and shameful practice in modern times’ (p. 46). Certainly, as visions for the Russian future changed, so their supporting histories were appropriately modified, with new dramas requiring new authors and a new cast of leading actors. It also dedicated to all forms of abuse, in any form it takes. Updated February 06, 2018 Between 1873 and 1876 Nietzsche published four “Untimely Meditations.” The second of these is the essay often referred to as “The Use and Abuse of History for Life.” (1874) A more accurate translation of the title, though, is “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History … And through the historical plays of Shakespeare and the historical novels of Walter Scott, ‘a retrospective vision of the British past is embedded in the popular memory’ (p. 149). Strangely, too, the (unannounced) new index omits previous entries which might have continued to prove useful: not least, ‘fiction’, ‘films’, ‘Goebbels’, and ‘Saddam Hussein’ – the last, in particular, a gift to conspiracy theorists, who can point to the recent ‘democratically’ inspired decision to excise all reference to Saddam Hussein from Iraqi school textbooks. Hollywood films have surely rivalled those of Leni Reifenstahl as promoters of patriotic nationalism; and David Harlan’s recent discussion (in the journal Rethinking History) of Ken Burns and his popular television presentations of American history (not without parallels in Britain) indicates that Ferro’s reference to a ‘prepackaged’ and ‘sterilised, unproblematical history’ presented as ‘a sort of exotic escape that serve[s] for evening relaxation of the tired citizenry’ (pp. The eminent historian Margaret Macmillan acknowledges this fact in The Uses and Abuses of History, first published in 2008 and written for a wide audience. While, then, The Use and Abuse of History remains a useful text, it is inevitably in some respects a little dated. He cites the case of Poland, where filmmakers succeeded in presenting a sort of ‘anti-history’, which, outside the historical mainstream, served to preserve an alternative version of the past, to what later seems good purpose. Thus, from ‘Europe’, Spain is allotted just over three pages, Germany nearly nine, and France fourteen; and within such parameters, little more can be done than indicate possible lines for further thought and research – some of which have since been profitably followed, and some of which remain matters of contemporary concern. he Use and Abuse of History, Or, How the Past is Taught is a 1981 book by Marc Ferro about the interaction between politics and historiography. In her book “The uses and abuses of history” the historian Margaret Macmillan tells a story about two Americans discussing the atrocities of September 11, 2001. Russia is, of course, far from unique in its ideological underpinning of school history, and in a chapter devoted to the USA Ferro notes some parallel vagaries in the presentation of a national past. This wiki is dedicated to education, prevention, and treatment of one of the most horrible and traumatizing forms of abuse in existence. Note: A lot of articles were imported over from Wikipedia to get things started. An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either his own or that of his superior and/or employer, public or legally private). Use and Abuse of History has become a key text of current historiography; this is a book that poses fundamental and disturbing questions about the use and abuse of history. A final theme of particular interest is that of Islam – a subject that has, of course, come to the forefront of attention since Ferro’s brief but prescient treatment. If happiness or if, in some sense or other, a reaching out for new happiness is Somewhat confusingly, on the following page he goes on to say that he had found it necessary, for a French edition in 1992, to add some material – including three pages on post-perestroika Russia, a couple of short paragraphs on Poland after 1990, and a short comparative study of the history of the second world war. abuse of history as its use with intent to deceive and the broader concept of the irresponsible use of history as either its deceptive or negligent use. So, with the inevitability of ideological intrusion, our choice of what constitutes ‘use’ and what ‘abuse’ depends upon our own presuppositions – revealing no more than what we respectively approve and disapprove. By subscribing to this mailing list you will be subject to the School of Advanced Study privacy policy. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Two centuries ago, cruelty to children, perpetrated by employers and teachers, was widespread, and corporal punishment customary in many countries. We would serve history only so far as it serves life but to value its study beyond a certain point mutilates and degrades life: and this is a fact that. On the Use and Abuse of History for Life [Friedrich Nietzsche, Ian Crowe, Ian Johnston] on Amazon.com. I there reveal my own position, which is in brief that all history is inevitably history-for – that one cannot have a history totally free of ideological input, telling it simply ‘as it was’; which is a reason for welcoming variety and diversity of histories, better seen as complementary than competitive. The use and abuse of history by Moses I. Finley, 1975, Viking Press edition, in English Such histories are ‘militant’ in their intention to justify the position of certain favoured individuals and groups and institutions at the (seemingly inevitable) expense of others. The author himself confesses to the ‘truly vast and megalomaniacal’ nature of his aims (p. xiv) – which, as his subtitle indicates, embrace a worldwide survey of ‘how the past is taught to children’. 157–8), may not have lost its relevance. The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation is a pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716, titled "Onania, or the Heinous Sin of self-Pollution, And All Its Frightful Consequences, In Both Sexes, Considered: With Spiritual and Physical Advice To Those Who Have Already Injured Themselves By This Abominable Practice." This is an area that has grown enormously over the last two decades, and is one of which few can remain unaware. Reviews in History is part of the School of Advanced Study. In other words, there has to be selection – selection of the very ‘facts’, or building blocks of history, as well as selection of the narrative into which we choose to embed them; and, as Ferro himself recognised, even that choice of facts is ‘itself an ideological act’ (p. 156), with the choice of narrative surely being yet more obviously so. Review: The Uses and Abuses of History by Margaret Macmillan John Gray commends a guide to the ways in which history can be rewritten Nietzsche The Use And Abuse Of History 2nd Revised Edition Author: wiki.ctsnet.org-Kevin Fiedler-2021-03-02-07-23-17 Subject: Nietzsche The Use And Abuse Of History 2nd Revised Edition Keywords: nietzsche,the,use,and,abuse,of,history,2nd,revised,edition Created Date: 3/2/2021 7:23:17 AM One draws an analogy with Pearl Harbor, Japan’s attack on the US in 1941. Those retrospective visions, though, surely lack the autonomy which Ferro attributes to them, being deliberately put to political and patriotic purpose as required. Further updating, too, would have been helpful, for example, in the case of Poland, where a mere half page is added on the ‘new situation since 1990’ (p. 267); or at the very least, for those students at whom the book is (presumably) primarily directed, some reference to further reading. Engaging and challenging, this book confronts the reader with the many 'histories' that exist and have existed around the world, from the Zulu kingdoms to Communist China. More positively, Ferro suggests that we look to a future in which history ‘tries to be comprehensive, and even total, but… is not totalitarian’ (p. 360). It can also be used for insomnia, symptoms of the common cold, tremor in parkinsonism, and nausea. (Empire Day has disappeared; Holocaust Memorial Day has recently been established.). There is, and always has been, widespread belief in history’s patriotic function; so Ferro’s example of mid-twentieth-century calls in South Africa for ‘a patriotic history of the nation’, which ‘must be taught in the light of revelation and must be seen as the accomplishment of God’s will’ (p. 5), are paralleled by Japanese requirements for history to demonstrate the divinity of their emperor, and the necessarily unchanging nature of the nation’s social hierarchies. For history’s ‘therapeutic’ role can have implications verging on the ‘militant’. 1979: Illegal drug use in the U.S. peaked when 25 million of Americans used an illegal drug within the 30 days prior to the annual survey. He is concerned with particular examples of histories, that range chronologically from remote antiquity to the present, and geographically from Europe to Africa and Asia; so it is clear that he did indeed embark upon a voyage of infinite extent. 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